{"id":1957,"date":"2024-07-18T09:46:17","date_gmt":"2024-07-18T02:46:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/?p=1957"},"modified":"2024-07-18T09:46:38","modified_gmt":"2024-07-18T02:46:38","slug":"bo-luat-hammurabi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/2024\/07\/18\/bo-luat-hammurabi\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt Hammurabi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Khi s\u1eed gia Herodotus ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p vi\u1ebfng Babylon v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa y l\u00e0 \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00e1c s\u0129. \u00d4ng ta cho bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang ra gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm l\u1ea5y l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean b\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00e1 tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a du kh\u00e1ch. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y, v\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng y h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. C\u1ea3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ma thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea7n d\u00e0 \u01b0u th\u1ebf r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea7y lang h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 y t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Babylon, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Hammurabi. Ng\u00e0y nay, Hammurabi (c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o 1792-1750 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN), l\u00e0 v\u1ecb vua n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t v\u00f9ng Babylon, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1edd b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt mang t\u00ean \u00f4ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u <\/span>\u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, nh\u1eadn con nu\u00f4i, m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m, v\u00fa nu\u00f4i, thai s\u1ea3n, s\u1ea3y thai v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 s\u01a1 su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 th\u00fa y s\u0129<\/span><\/i>. <\/span>Nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed y h\u1ecdc – \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt vi\u00ean, th\u00fa y s\u0129, n\u1eef h\u1ed9 sinh v\u00e0 v\u00fa em – theo sau lu\u1eadt x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 h\u00e0nh hung. C\u00f3 ch\u00edn \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00ed kh\u00e1m b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft l\u00e0m r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/span> H\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc n\u00eau ra nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng khi thu nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 n\u00ean tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c g\u00e2y tranh t\u1ee5ng. Lu\u1eadt c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa n\u1ed9i khoa v\u00e0 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ec7nh n\u1ed9i khoa\u201d l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp t\u0103ng l\u1eef v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh hung v\u00e0 s\u01a1 su\u1ea5t khi h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec l\u1ebd c\u00e1c r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n b\u00ean trong l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n si\u00eau nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ai v\u1eadt v\u00e3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh. C\u00e1c v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy l\u00e0 do l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c do s\u1ef1 g\u00e2y h\u1ea5n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng ai c\u1ea7m \u201ccon dao b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d th\u00ec ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf. Ph\u00ed ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t cho c\u00e1c ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1 cao. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u0129 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u m\u1ea1ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111em l\u1ea1i th\u1ecb l\u1ef1c cho m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa, th\u00ec ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 10 \u0111\u1ed3ng shekel v\u00e0 b\u1ea1c. Ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda n\u1ebfu m\u1ed5 cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 2 \u0111\u1ed3ng shekel n\u1ebfu b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft cho v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m h\u01b0 m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u00e0y, th\u00ec b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t tay. N\u1ebfu th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c l\u00e0m ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, th\u00ec \u00f4ng ta ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i b\u00f9 l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, th\u00ec \u00f4ng ta ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 n\u1eeda gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1c.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f2n c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cm\u1edf h\u1ed1c m\u1eaft\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cch\u1eefa\u201d m\u1eaft l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f2n tranh c\u00e3i. Ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddm m\u1eaft (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u0111i th\u1ee7y tinh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee5c) ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 ch\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u1ecdt \u1edf l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea1o. C\u00e1c t\u00fai m\u1ee7 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m \u0111au nh\u00f3i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecb l\u1ef1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee5c th\u1ee7y tinh th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00f9 m\u1eaft. Th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c tr\u00edch m\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi t\u00fai m\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e9o th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y m\u00f9 m\u1eaft. C\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt \u1edf m\u1eaft kh\u00f3 g\u1ea5p hai l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafn x\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eefa bong g\u00e2n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ea3 cho nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 5 \u0111\u1ed3ng shekel b\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa, 3 \u0111\u1ed3ng cho m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 2 \u0111\u1ed3ng cho m\u1ed9t n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Th\u00fa y s\u0129, c\u00f9ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a b\u00f2 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a l\u1eeba\u201d, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfn gia s\u00fac\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed9 sinh, ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt vi\u00ean, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c cung \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt <\/span>Hammurabi<\/b> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1eef b\u00e1c s\u0129. Tuy nhi\u00ean, lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0m v\u00fa em (ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111em s\u1eefa c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nu\u00f4i tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c). N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0a con trai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00fa em nu\u00f4i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb ch\u1ebft, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd b\u1ecb c\u1eaft v\u00fa n\u1ebfu c\u00f4 ta c\u00f3 nu\u00f4i \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb bi\u1ebft. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u00e1i ph\u1ea1m n\u1eefa.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Hammurabi l\u00e0 B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt th\u00e0nh v\u0103n c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed <\/span>v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/a>. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trung nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng r\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng phu, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Babylon. B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1p l\u00fd m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee9 li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed phong ph\u00fa, qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u1ecb\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Babylon – <\/span>L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Khi s\u1eed gia Herodotus ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p vi\u1ebfng Babylon v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa y l\u00e0 \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1958,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,75],"tags":[207,209],"class_list":["post-1957","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","category-y-khoa-the-gioi","tag-bo-luat-hammurabi","tag-luat-kham-chua-benh"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1957","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1957"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1957\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1959,"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1957\/revisions\/1959"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1958"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1957"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1957"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1957"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}