{"id":2577,"date":"2025-10-25T14:09:02","date_gmt":"2025-10-25T07:09:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/?p=2577"},"modified":"2025-12-29T13:57:07","modified_gmt":"2025-12-29T06:57:07","slug":"ignaz-semmelweis-1818-1865-cha-de-cua-ky-thuat-sat-trung-hien-dai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/2025\/10\/25\/ignaz-semmelweis-1818-1865-cha-de-cua-ky-thuat-sat-trung-hien-dai\/","title":{"rendered":"Ignaz Semmelweis (1818\u20131865) \u2013 Cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u00e1t tr\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i"},"content":{"rendered":"

1. Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n

Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis l\u00e0 b\u00e1c s\u0129 s\u1ea3n khoa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hungary, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh l\u00e0 \u201cCha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u00e1t tr\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng r\u1eeda tay b\u1eb1ng dung d\u1ecbch s\u00e1t tr\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 t\u1eed vong sau sinh, m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

D\u00f9 b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Semmelweis \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean v\u00f4 tr\u00f9ng trong y h\u1ecdc \u2013 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt, s\u1ea3n khoa v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

2. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n<\/h2>\n

Ignaz Semmelweis sinh n\u0103m 1818 t\u1ea1i Buda (Hungary, nay l\u00e0 Budapest), trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c. \u00d4ng theo h\u1ecdc Y khoa t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vienna (\u00c1o) \u2013 trung t\u00e2m y h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n y h\u1ecdc l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1846, Semmelweis \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd b\u00e1c s\u0129 t\u1ea1i Khoa S\u1ea3n \u2013 B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n \u0110a khoa Vienna (Allgemeines Krankenhaus), n\u01a1i \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c ca s\u1ed1t h\u1eadu s\u1ea3n (puerperal fever) \u2013 c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh g\u00e2y t\u1eed vong h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t \u1edf ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef sau sinh.<\/p>\n

3. V\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n t\u1eed vong sau sinh<\/h2>\n

Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Vienna c\u00f3 hai khoa s\u1ea3n: Khoa I do c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean y khoa ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 Khoa II do c\u00e1c n\u1eef h\u1ed9 sinh \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong do s\u1ed1t h\u1eadu s\u1ea3n \u1edf Khoa I cao g\u1ea5p 5 l\u1ea7n Khoa II (t\u1edbi 18%). Semmelweis ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh so s\u00e1nh c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u1eb1m \u1edf b\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 th\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec3n th\u1eb3ng t\u1eeb ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1m t\u1eed thi sang ph\u00f2ng sinh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u1eeda tay, v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0a vi khu\u1ea9n t\u1eeb x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

4. Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/h2>\n

N\u0103m 1847, sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n Jakob Kolletschka ch\u1ebft v\u00ec nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng sau v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed5 t\u1eed thi, Semmelweis nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd n\u00e0y v\u00e0 s\u1ed1t h\u1eadu s\u1ea3n. \u00d4ng l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean r\u1eeda tay b\u1eb1ng dung d\u1ecbch v\u00f4i clo (chlorinated lime solution) tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi kh\u00e1m b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c: t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong \u1edf Khoa I gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 18% xu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 1,3%, m\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng Khoa II. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed y h\u1ecdc cho th\u1ea5y v\u1ec7 sinh tay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m ch\u00e9o.<\/p>\n

5. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn<\/h2>\n

D\u00f9 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Semmelweis v\u1eabn g\u1eb7p s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1eef d\u1ed9i t\u1eeb gi\u1edbi y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1c s\u0129 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m khi b\u1ecb quy k\u1ebft \u201cl\u00e0m b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n nhi\u1ec5m khu\u1ea9n v\u00ec tay b\u1ea9n\u201d, v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng phi khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00ec ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 vi sinh v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

Semmelweis b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Vienna. N\u0103m 1861, \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1n ‘The Etiology, Concept, and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever’, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1ecb ph\u1edbt l\u1edd. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, \u00f4ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u1eddi trong b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n n\u0103m 1865, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 47 \u2013 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y bi k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean t\u00e0i \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

6. Di s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 vinh danh mu\u1ed9n m\u00e0ng<\/h2>\n

Sau khi Semmelweis qua \u0111\u1eddi, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Louis Pasteur (vi sinh h\u1ecdc) v\u00e0 Joseph Lister (ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt v\u00f4 tr\u00f9ng) \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn trong ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. T\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Semmelweis \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 vinh danh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u00e1t tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh y t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, ‘Ng\u00e0y R\u1eeda Tay Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi’ (World Hand Hygiene Day) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 5 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n vinh di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi mang t\u00ean Semmelweis, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0 Semmelweis University (Budapest, Hungary). Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc r\u1eeda tay c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0ng trong m\u1ecdi quy tr\u00ecnh y khoa.<\/p>\n

7. \u00dd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi y h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n

Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Semmelweis th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ba gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc y h\u1ecdc:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Quan s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t.
    \n2. Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.
    \n3. Ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd d\u00f9 b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Ng\u00e0y nay, m\u1ed7i khi b\u00e1c s\u0129, \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1ee1ng hay sinh vi\u00ean y khoa r\u1eeda tay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi kh\u00e1m b\u1ec7nh, h\u1ecd \u0111ang th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Ignaz Semmelweis \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 hy sinh c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 sinh m\u1ea1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

    8. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n

    Ignaz Semmelweis l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u00e1i v\u00e0 d\u0169ng kh\u00ed khoa h\u1ecdc. D\u00f9 b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf khi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e3i m\u00e3i n\u1ec1n y h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u1edf ra k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean v\u00f4 tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 sinh m\u1ea1ng. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi tri \u00e2n: ‘Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ecf n\u00e0o trong y h\u1ecdc \u2013 b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f4i b\u00e0n tay s\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.’<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    1. Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis l\u00e0 b\u00e1c s\u0129 s\u1ea3n khoa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hungary, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh l\u00e0 \u201cCha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u00e1t tr\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,75],"tags":[420],"class_list":["post-2577","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","category-y-khoa-the-gioi","tag-ignaz-semmelweis"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2577","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2577"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2577\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2578,"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2577\/revisions\/2578"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2577"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2577"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2577"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}