{"id":2579,"date":"2025-10-25T14:13:36","date_gmt":"2025-10-25T07:13:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/?p=2579"},"modified":"2025-12-29T10:16:37","modified_gmt":"2025-12-29T03:16:37","slug":"joseph-lister-1827-1912-cha-de-cua-thuoc-sat-trung","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/2025\/10\/25\/joseph-lister-1827-1912-cha-de-cua-thuoc-sat-trung\/","title":{"rendered":"Joseph Lister (1827\u20131912) \u2013 Cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed1c s\u00e1t tr\u00f9ng"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Joseph Lister l\u00e0 b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u00e1t tr\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng acid carbolic (phenol) trong ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt. Nh\u1edd \u00f4ng, y h\u1ecdc b\u01b0\u1edbc sang th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt an to\u00e0n khi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong do nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng sau m\u1ed5 gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh l\u00e0 \u201cCha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed1c s\u00e1t tr\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d (Father of Antiseptic Surgery).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a Lister kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec5m khu\u1ea9n trong y h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Joseph Lister sinh n\u0103m 1827 t\u1ea1i Upton, Essex (Anh) trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh theo \u0111\u1ea1o Quaker. Cha \u00f4ng, Joseph Jackson Lister, l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ti\u00ean phong trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t minh \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho \u00f4ng theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u y h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lister theo h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i University College London, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng l\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng Y khoa n\u0103m 1852. N\u0103m 1856, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Ho\u00e0ng Gia Glasgow \u2013 n\u01a1i \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<h2>3. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a y h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng: c\u00e1c ca m\u1ed5 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng, ho\u1ea1i t\u1eed, u\u1ed1n v\u00e1n v\u00e0 t\u1eed vong. Ph\u00f2ng m\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 v\u00f4 tr\u00f9ng; b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng tay tr\u1ea7n, kh\u00f4ng r\u1eeda tay v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1eed khu\u1ea9n d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong h\u1eadu ph\u1eabu t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 khi l\u00ean t\u1edbi 40\u201360%. Gi\u1edbi y h\u1ecdc khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng, cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c (miasma) trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h2>4. C\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb Pasteur v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">N\u0103m 1865, Lister \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Louis Pasteur v\u1ec1 vi sinh v\u1eadt v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean men. \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do vi khu\u1ea9n trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi t\u1eed vong.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lister quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng acid carbolic (phenol) \u2013 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eed m\u00f9i c\u1ed1ng r\u00e3nh \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1eeda tay, kh\u1eed tr\u00f9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt phi th\u01b0\u1eddng: trong v\u00f2ng 3 n\u0103m, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong sau ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt \u1edf Glasgow gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 45% xu\u1ed1ng 15%. \u00d4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y n\u0103m 1867 trong lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i \u201cOn the Antiseptic Principle in the Practice of Surgery\u201d tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed The Lancet, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 khai sinh c\u1ee7a ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt v\u00f4 tr\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<h2>5. \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u00e1t tr\u00f9ng<\/h2>\n<p>Lister \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n trong ph\u00f2ng m\u1ed5, g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">R\u1eeda tay b\u1eb1ng acid carbolic tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt.<br \/>\n\u2022 Ng\u00e2m d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e2u trong dung d\u1ecbch s\u00e1t tr\u00f9ng.<br \/>\n\u2022 Kh\u1eed tr\u00f9ng v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 b\u0103ng g\u1ea1c b\u1eb1ng dung d\u1ecbch phenol.<br \/>\n\u2022 Phun s\u01b0\u01a1ng carbolic \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ph\u00f2ng m\u1ed5.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nh\u1edd c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi t\u1eed vong.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Ignaz Semmelweis tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, Lister c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ebf gi\u1ec5u v\u00e0 ho\u00e0i nghi. Nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1c s\u0129 cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c x\u1ecbt phenol trong ph\u00f2ng m\u1ed5 l\u00e0 phi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Anh v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1880, khi Robert Koch ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a vi khu\u1ea9n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng y h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t minh Lister.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Vinh danh v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p to l\u1edbn, Lister \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Victoria phong t\u01b0\u1edbc Hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 n\u0103m 1883, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Lord Lister of Lyme Regis. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i Ho\u00e0ng Gia London v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong danh hi\u1ec7u \u201ccha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt v\u00f4 tr\u00f9ng\u201d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">T\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u danh qua: Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine \u2013 vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u Anh Qu\u1ed1c; Lister Hospital t\u1ea1i Chelsea, London; v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c s\u00e1t tr\u00f9ng \u201cListerine\u201d, ra \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1879 \u0111\u1ec3 tri \u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Joseph Lister qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1912, h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd 84 tu\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n<h2>8. \u00dd ngh\u0129a trong y h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nh\u1edd Lister, c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt s\u1ea1ch, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec5m khu\u1ea9n, kh\u1eed tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ec7t tr\u00f9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt n\u1ed9i soi, gh\u00e9p t\u1ea1ng, y h\u1ecdc h\u1ed3i s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec5m khu\u1ea9n b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u Joseph Lister l\u00e0 b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u00e1t tr\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng acid carbolic (phenol) trong ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt.&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,75],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2579","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","category-y-khoa-the-gioi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2579","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2579"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2579\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2580,"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2579\/revisions\/2580"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2579"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2579"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2579"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}