{"id":2593,"date":"2025-10-25T14:44:29","date_gmt":"2025-10-25T07:44:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/?p=2593"},"modified":"2025-12-29T10:15:12","modified_gmt":"2025-12-29T03:15:12","slug":"kinh-do-mat-bieu-tuong-cua-khoa-hoc-thi-giac-hien-dai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/2025\/10\/25\/kinh-do-mat-bieu-tuong-cua-khoa-hoc-thi-giac-hien-dai\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u00ednh \u0111o m\u1eaft \u2013 Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">K\u00ednh \u0111o m\u1eaft (Phoropter) l\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 chuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng trong \u0111o kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c, gi\u00fap b\u00e1c s\u0129 nh\u00e3n khoa ho\u1eb7c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1eadn, vi\u1ec5n, lo\u1ea1n th\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u00e3o th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. V\u1edbi h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh xoay, k\u00ednh \u0111o m\u1eaft l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1m m\u1eaft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, n\u01a1i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u201cc\u1eeda s\u1ed5 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n\u201d c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<h2>2. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 phoropter, c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eebng th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng trong khung th\u1eed (trial frame) \u2013 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1n th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">N\u0103m 1849: B\u00e1c s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh George Stokes m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o t\u1eadt kh\u00fac x\u1ea1.<br \/>\n\u2022 N\u0103m 1909: Nathan Shigon (M\u1ef9) ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o phoroptor c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xoay li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao.<br \/>\n\u2022 N\u0103m 1934: C\u00f4ng ty American Optical \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u \u201cPhoroptor\u201d, ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, phoropter tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u trong \u0111o th\u1ecb l\u1ef1c kh\u00fac x\u1ea1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ecdi ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1m m\u1eaft v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u00e3n khoa tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<h2>3. C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Phoropter g\u1ed3m h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc tinh vi, cho ph\u00e9p thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ed9 k\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch xoay n\u00fam \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh:<br \/>\n\u2022 Th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh c\u1ea7u (spherical lenses): \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1eadn v\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n th\u1ecb.<br \/>\n\u2022 Th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh tr\u1ee5 (cylindrical lenses): \u0111o lo\u1ea1n th\u1ecb.<br \/>\n\u2022 Prism v\u00e0 k\u00ednh l\u1ecdc: ki\u1ec3m tra th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c hai m\u1eaft, \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5.<br \/>\n\u2022 C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1eed (PD): \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u00f9ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd: B\u00e1c s\u0129 thay \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t \u2013 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 subjective refraction (\u0111o kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 ch\u1ee7 quan).<\/p>\n<h2>4. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i k\u00ednh \u0111o m\u1eaft hi\u1ec7n nay<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Phoropter c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc:<br \/>\n&#8211; V\u1eadn h\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, cho ph\u00e9p \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh linh ho\u1ea1t.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cao, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng.<br \/>\n2. Phoropter \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed (Digital Phoropter):<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0110i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i gi\u00e2y.<br \/>\n&#8211; C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00e1y \u0111o kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng.<br \/>\n3. Phoropter t\u00edch h\u1ee3p AI:<br \/>\n&#8211; K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n th\u00f4ng minh gi\u00fap t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ee3i \u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 k\u00ednh t\u1ed1i \u01b0u.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m \u0111o th\u1ecb l\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 laser.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>5. \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng trong y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">K\u00ednh \u0111o m\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111o k\u00ednh thu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong:<br \/>\n\u2022 Ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd kh\u00fac x\u1ea1: c\u1eadn, vi\u1ec5n, lo\u1ea1n, l\u00e3o th\u1ecb.<br \/>\n\u2022 \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c hai m\u1eaft, \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft, h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5.<br \/>\n\u2022 Theo d\u00f5i thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ecb l\u1ef1c sau ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb.<br \/>\n\u2022 Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nh\u1edd phoropter, b\u00e1c s\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 k\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn 0.25 \u0111i-\u1ed1p, gi\u00fap b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ecb l\u1ef1c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<h2>6. T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Phoropter \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, b\u1edfi:<br \/>\n\u2022 \u0110\u01b0a \u0111o kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh quy tr\u00ecnh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a trong y h\u1ecdc to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<br \/>\n\u2022 Gi\u00fap h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 h\u01a1n, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n.<br \/>\n\u2022 K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 quang h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt giao ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa b\u00e1c s\u0129 \u2013 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u1ede g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n b\u00e1c s\u0129 h\u1ecfi \u201cAnh\/ch\u1ecb th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1edbi k\u00ednh s\u1ed1 1 hay s\u1ed1 2?\u201d l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho y h\u1ecdc l\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n<h2>7. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">T\u1eeb chi\u1ebfc khung k\u00ednh th\u1eed th\u00f4 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ebfn phoropter \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed th\u00f4ng minh, h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh h\u01a1n 150 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh \u0111o m\u1eaft l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc c\u1ee7a y h\u1ecdc th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 h\u01a1n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u00fap y h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u201c\u0110\u00f4i m\u1eaft l\u00e0 c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n \u2013 v\u00e0 k\u00ednh \u0111o m\u1eaft ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a m\u1edf ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.\u201d \u2014 T\u00f4n vinh di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc quang h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e3n khoa hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u K\u00ednh \u0111o m\u1eaft (Phoropter) l\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 chuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng trong \u0111o kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c, gi\u00fap b\u00e1c s\u0129 nh\u00e3n khoa ho\u1eb7c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,75],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2593","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","category-y-khoa-the-gioi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2593","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2593"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2593\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2594,"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2593\/revisions\/2594"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2593"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2593"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/museum.pctu.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2593"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}